Unsupported Browser
The American College of Surgeons website is not compatible with Internet Explorer 11, IE 11. For the best experience please update your browser.
Menu
Become a member and receive career-enhancing benefits

Our top priority is providing value to members. Your Member Services team is here to ensure you maximize your ACS member benefits, participate in College activities, and engage with your ACS colleagues. It's all here.

Become a Member
Become a member and receive career-enhancing benefits

Our top priority is providing value to members. Your Member Services team is here to ensure you maximize your ACS member benefits, participate in College activities, and engage with your ACS colleagues. It's all here.

Membership Benefits
ACS
RISE

References

  1. Carr PL, Ash AS, Friedman RH, et al. Faculty perceptions of gender discrimination and sexual harassment in academic medicine. Ann Intern Med. 2000;132(11):889-896.
  2. Newman C, Ng C, Pacqué-Margolis S, Frymus D. Integration of gender-transformative interventions into health professional education reform for the 21st century: implications of an expert review. Hum Resour Health. 2016;14:14.
  3. Fnais N, Soobiah C, Chen MH, et al. Harassment and discrimination in medical training: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Acad Med. 2014;89(5):817-827.
  4. Sexual Harassment in the Practice of Medicine | American Medical Association. https://www.ama-assn.org/delivering-care/sexual-harassment-practice-medicine. Accessed August 22, 2018.
  5. Bates CK, Jagsi R, Gordon LK, et al. It Is Time for Zero Tolerance for Sexual Harassment in Academic Medicine. Acad Med. 2018;93(2):163-165.
  6. Ragan DD. Sexual harassment: know the facts. MLO Med Lab Obs. 1993;25(5):26-30.
  7. Australian Human Rights Commission. Sexual harassment. https://www.humanrights.gov.au/our-work/sex-discrimination/guides/sexual-harassment. Accessed August 22, 2018.
  8. Verdonk P, Benschop YWM, de Haes HCJM, Lagro-Janssen TLM. From gender bias to gender awareness in medical education. Adv Health Sci Educ Theory Pract. 2009;14(1):135-152.
  9. Phillips NA, Tannan SC, Kalliainen LK. Understanding and Overcoming Implicit Gender Bias in Plastic Surgery. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2016;138(5):1111-1116.
  10. Stratton TD, McLaughlin MA, Witte FM, Fosson SE, Nora LM. Does students’ exposure to gender discrimination and sexual harassment in medical school affect specialty choice and residency program selection? Acad Med. 2005;80(4):400-408.
  11. Bruce AN, Battista A, Plankey MW, Johnson LB, Marshall MB. Perceptions of gender-based discrimination during surgical training and practice. Med Educ Online. 2015;20:25923.
  12. Li SF, Grant K, Bhoj T, et al. Resident experience of abuse and harassment in emergency medicine: ten years later. J Emerg Med. 2010;38(2):248-252.
  13. Baldwin DC Jr, Daugherty SR, Eckenfels EJ. Student perceptions of mistreatment and harassment during medical school. A survey of ten United States schools. West J Med. 1991;155(2):140-145.
  14. Nora LM, McLaughlin MA, Fosson SE, et al. Gender discrimination and sexual harassment in medical education: perspectives gained by a 14-school study. Acad Med. 2002;77(12 Pt 1):1226-1234.
  15. Richardson DA, Becker M, Frank RR, Sokol RJ. Assessing medical students’ perceptions of mistreatment in their second and third years. Acad Med. 1997;72(8):728-730.
  16. Nama N, MacPherson P, Sampson M, McMillan HJ. Medical students’ perception of lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) discrimination in their learning environment and their self-reported comfort level for caring for LGBT patients: a survey study. Med Educ Online. 2017;22(1):1368850.
  17. 2016 Physician Specialty Data Report—Data and Reports— Workforce—Data and Analysis—AAMC. https://www.aamc.org/data/workforce/reports/457712/2016-specialty-databook.html. Accessed August 15, 2018.
  18. Statistics—Group on Women in Medicine and Science (GWIMS)—Member Center—AAMC. https://www.aamc.org/members/gwims/statistics/. Accessed June 21, 2018.
  19. Jagsi R, Griffith KA, Jones R, Perumalswami CR, Ubel P, Stewart A. Sexual Harassment and Discrimination Experiences of Academic Medical Faculty. JAMA. 2016;315(19):2120-2121.
  20. Cochran A, Hauschild T, Elder WB, Neumayer LA, Brasel KJ, Crandall ML. Perceived gender-based barriers to careers in academic surgery. Am J Surg. 2013;206(2):263-268.
  21. Salles A, Milam L, Cohen G, Mueller C. The relationship between perceived gender judgment and well-being among surgical residents. Am J Surg. 2018;215(2):233-237.
  22. Pololi LH, Civian JT, Brennan RT, Dottolo AL, Krupat E. Experiencing the culture of academic medicine: gender matters, a national study. J Gen Intern Med. 2013;28(2):201-207.
  23. Jena AB, Olenski AR, Blumenthal DM. Sex Differences in Physician Salary in US Public Medical Schools. JAMA Intern Med. 2016;176(9):1294-1304.
  24. Sexton KW, Hocking KM, Wise E, et al. Women in academic surgery: the pipeline is busted. J Surg Educ. 2012;69(1):84-90.
  25. Babaria P, Abedin S, Berg D, Nunez-Smith M. “I’m too used to it”: a longitudinal qualitative study of third year female medical students’ experiences of gendered encounters in medical education. Soc Sci Med. 2012;74(7):1013-1020.
  26. National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine, Policy and Global Affairs, Committee on Women in Science, Engineering, and Medicine, Committee on the Impacts of Sexual Harassment in Academia. Sexual Harassment of Women: Climate, Culture, and Consequences in Academic Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. National Academies Press; 2018.
  27. Jacobs CD, Bergen MR, Korn D. Impact of a program to diminish gender insensitivity and sexual harassment at a medical school. Acad Med. 2000;75(5):464-469.
  28. Moscarello R, Margittai KJ, Rossi MF. Impact of Faculty Education on the Incidence of Sexual Harassment Experienced by Canadian Medical Students. J Womens Health. 1996;5(3):231-237.
  29. Carnes M, Devine PG, Baier Manwell L, et al. The effect of an intervention to break the gender bias habit for faculty at one institution: a cluster randomized, controlled trial. Acad Med. 2015;90(2):221-230.
  30. Sambunjak D, Straus SE, Marusić A. Mentoring in academic medicine: a systematic review. JAMA. 2006;296(9):1103-1115.
  31. Flint JH, Jahangir AA, Browner BD, Mehta S. The value of mentorship in orthopaedic surgery resident education: the residents’ perspective. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2009;91(4):1017-1022.
  32. Kashiwagi DT, Varkey P, Cook DA. Mentoring programs for physicians in academic medicine: a systematic review. Acad Med. 2013;88(7):1029-1037.
  33. Palamara K, Kauffman C, Stone VE, Bazari H, Donelan K. Promoting Success: A Professional Development Coaching Program for Interns in Medicine. J Grad Med Educ. 2015;7(4):630-637.
  34. McKinsey & Company. Diversity Matters. November 2014.
  35. Misercola M. Higher Returns with Women in Decision-Making Positions. Credit Suisse. https://www.credit-suisse.com/corporate/en/articles/news-and-expertise/higher-returns-with-women-in-decision-making-positions-201610.html. Accessed October 26, 2018.