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References

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  2. CBO. Options for Reducing the Deficit: 2014 to 2023. 2013;(November):1-316. https://www.cbo.gov/sites/default/files/cbofiles/attachments/49638-BudgetOptions.pdf, http://www.cbo.gov/sites/default/files/cbofiles/attachments/44715-OptionsForReducingDeficit-2_1.pdf.
  3. Wynn BO, Smalley R, Cordasco KM. Does It Cost More to Train Residents or to Replace Them? A Look at the Costs and Benefits of Operating Graduate Medical Education Programs. Rand Heal Q. 2013;3(3):7.
  4. Berwick D, Wilensky GR, Alexander B, et al. Graduate Medical Education That Meets the Nation’s Health Needs. Washington, D.C.; 2014.
  5. Wynn B. Opening the “‘Black Box’” of GME Costs and Benefits: A Conceptual Model and a Call for Systematic Studies. J Grad Med Educ. 2015;(March):125-127. doi:10.4300/JGME-D-14-00751.1
  6. Koenig L, Dobson A, Ho S, Siegel JM, Blumenthal D, Weissman JS. Estimating the mission-related costs of teaching hospitals. Health Aff. 2003;22(6):112-122. doi:10.1377/hlthaff.22.6.112
  7. Xuan Nguyen N, Sheingold SH. Indirect Medical Education and Disproportionate Share Adjustments to Medicare Inpatient Payment Rates. MMRR Medicare Medicaid Res Rev. 2011;1(14):E1-E18. doi:10.5600/mmrr.001.04.a01
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  9. Medicare Payments for Graduate Medical Education: What Every Medical Student, Resident, and Advisor Needs to Know.; 2013.
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  11. Weber M, Benditz A, Woerner M, Weber D, Grifka J, Renkawitz T. Trainee Surgeons Affect Operative Time but not Outcome in Minimally Invasive Total Hip Arthroplasty. Sci Rep. 2017. doi:10.1038/s41598-017-06530-3
  12. Babineau TJ. The “Cost” of Operative Training for Surgical Residents. Arch Surg. 2004;139(4):366. doi:10.1001/archsurg.139.4.366
  13. Iannuzzi MC, Iannuzzi JC, Holtsbery A, Wright SM, Knohl SJ. Comparing Hospitalist-Resident to Hospitalist-Midlevel Practitioner Team Performance on Length of Stay and Direct Patient Care Cost. J Grad Med Educ. 2015;7(1):65-69. doi:10.4300/JGME-D-14-00234.1
  14. Landsperger JS, Semler MW, Li W, Byrne DW, Wheeler AP. Outcomes of nurse practitioner-delivered critical care: A prospective cohort study. Chest. 2016;149(5):1146-1154. doi:10.1016/j.chest.2015.12.015
  15. Mitchell CC, Ashley SW, Zinner MJ, Moore FD. Predicting Future Staffing Needs at Teaching Hospitals Use of an Analytical Program With Multiple Variables. Arch Surg. 2007;142(4):329-334.
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  18. The Complexities of Physician Supply and Demand: Projections from 2015 to 2030. Washington, D.C.; 2017.

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