|
References
1.
Longitudinal Study of Surgical Residents: 1992-1993. Chicago:
Education & Surgical Services Department, American College
of Surgeons, 1994.
2.
Kwakwa F, Jonasson O. The longitudinal study of surgical residents,
1993-1994. J Am Coll Surg 1996; 183:425-433.
3.
Medical Education Research and Information Database, American
Medical Association, Chicago, IL, 1995, 1996, 1997, 1998.
4.
Graduate Medical Education Directory, 1994-1995,1995-1996, American
Medical Association, Chicago, IL, 1994,1995.
5.
McCullough DL. Manpower needs in urology in the twenty-first
century. Urol Clin North Am 1998;25:15-22.
6.
Jonasson O, Kwakwa E Retirement age and the work force in general
surgery. Ann Sur 1996;224:574-582.
7.
Jonasson O, Kwakwa F, Sleldon GE Calculating the workforce in
general surgery. JAMA 1995;274:731-734.
8.
Steinwachs DM, Weiner JPI Shapiro S, et al. A comparison of the
requirements for primary care physicians in HMOs with projections
made by GMENAC. N Engl J Med 1986;314:217-222.
9.
Cohen JJ. Transforming the size and composition of the physician
work force to meet the demands of health care reform. N Engl
J Med 1993;329:1810-1812.
10.
Simon CJ, Dranove D, White WD. The impact of managed care on
the physician marketplace. Public Health Rep 1997;l 12: 222-230.
11.
McClendon BJ, Politzer RM, Christian E, Fernandez ES. Downsizing
the physician workforce. Public Health Rep 1997; 112: 231-239.
12.
Kronick R, Goodman DC, WennbergjE, Wagner E. The marketplace
in health care reform: the demographic limitations of managed
competition. N Engl J Med 1993;328:148-152.
13.
Cooper RA. Seeking a balanced physician workforce for the 21
st century. JAMA 1994;272:680-687.
14. Fed EC, Welch
HG, Fisher ES. Why estimates of physician supply and requirements
disagree. JAMA 1993;269:2659-2663.
15.
Hart LG, Wagner E, Pirzada S, et al. Physician staffing ratios
in staff-model HMOs: a cautionary tale. Health Aff 1997;16:55-70.
16.
David J, Mogilner A, Ozick LA. Unemployment and underemployment
in 1996 graduates of New York City gastroenterology training
programs. Am J Gastroenterol 1998;93:1211-1216.
17.
Crewson PE, Sunshine JH, Chepps B. The situation of diagnostic
radiology training programs and their graduates in 1997. Am J
Roentgenol 1998;171:919-922.
18.
Sheldon GF, Kagarise MJ. The health work force, generalism, and
the social contract. Ann Surg 1995;222:215-228.
19.
Luce EA. General surgery; the general surgical subspecialties,
and prerequisite training. Arch Surg 1993; 128:134-137.
20.
Personal communication with Judith Collins, Director of Research,
National Association for Law Placement, Washington, DC, 1996.
Data taken from the Employment Report and Salary Survey, 1994.
21.
Kwakwa E, Jonasson O. Attrition in surgical residents: an analysis
of the 1993 entering cohort. Unpublished data.
22.
Libby DL, Zhou. Z, Kindig DA. Will minority physician supply
meet U.S. needs? Health Aff 1997;116:205-214.
23.
Burrow GN. Medical student diversity-elective or required? [editorial]
Acad Med 1998;73:1052-1053.
No competing interests declared.
Received December 2, 1998; Revised January 26, 1999; Accepted
February 15, 1999.
From the American College of Surgeons, Chicago, IL.
Correspondence address: Francis Kwakwa, American College of Surgeons,
633 N St Clair St, Chicago, IL 60611.
Introduction
| Methods
| Results
| Discussion
| References
JACS
menu |
