References
1. Lane D, Lindahl U. Heparin binding and neutralizing proteins. Heparin: chemical and biochemical properties, clinical applications. Boca Raton: CRC Press 1989:363-391.
2. de Romeuf C, Mazurier C. Heparin binding assay of von Willebrand factor in plasma milieu-evidence of the importance of the multimerization degree of vWF. Thromb Haemost 1993;69:436-440.
3. Salzman E, Rosenberg R, Smith M, et al. Effect of heparin and heparin fractions on platelet aggregation. J Clin Invest 1980;65:64-73.
4. Cadory Y, Pourrat J, Baladre M. Delayed elimination of enoxaprin in patients with chronic renal insufficiency. Thromb Res 1991;63:385-390.
5. Clagett G, Reisch J. Prevention of venous thromboembolism in general surgical patients. Results of meta-analysis. Ann Surg 1988;208:227-240.
6. Collins R, Scrimgeour A, Yusuf S, Peto R. Reduction in fatal pulmonary embolism and venous thrombosis by perioperative administration of subcutaneous heparin. Overview of results of randomized trials in general, orthopedic, and urologic surgery. N Engl J Med 1988;318:1162-1173.
7. Boneu B. An international multicentre study: Clivarin in the prevention of venous thromboembolism in patients undergoing general surgery. Report of the International Clivarin Assessment Group. Blood Coagul Fibrinolysis 1993;4(Suppl 1):S21-S22.
8. Kakkar VV, Cohen AT, Edmonson RA. Low molecular weight versus standard heparin for prevention of venous thromboembolism after major abdominal surgery. The Thromboprophylaxis Collaborative Group [see comments]. Lancet 1993;341:259-265.
9. Nurmohamed M, Rosendaal F, Buller H. Low molecular weight heparin versus standard heparin in general and orthopedic surgery: a meta-analysis. Lancet 1992;340:152-156.
10. Torholm C, Broeng L, Jorgensen PS, et al. Thromboprophylaxis by low-molecular-weight heparin in elective hip surgery. A placebo controlled study. J Bone Joint Surg Br 1991;73:434-438.
11. Trial, TGHO. Prevention of deep venous thrombosis with low molecular weight heparin in patients undergoing total hip replacement. A randomized trial. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg 1992;111:110-120.
12. Palmer AJ, Koppenhagen K, Kirchhof B, et al. Efficacy and safety of low molecular weight heparin, unfractionated heparin and warfarin for thrombo-embolism prophylaxis in orthopaedic surgery: a meta-analysis of randomised clinical trials. Haemostasis 1997;27:75-84.
13. Hamulyak K, Lensing AW, van der Meer J, et al. Subcutaneous low-molecular weight heparin or oral anticoagulants for the prevention of deep-vein thrombosis in elective hip and knee replacement? Fraxiparine Oral Anticoagulant Study Group. Thromb Haemost 1995;74:1428-1431.
14. Moskovitz P, Ellenberg S, Feffer H. Low dose heparin for prevention of venous thromboembolism in total hip arthroplasty and surgical repair of hip fractures. J Bone Joint Surg Am 1978;60:1065-1070.
15. Hull R, Raskob G, Pineo G, et al. A comparison of subcutaneous low-molecular-weight heparin with warfarin sodium for prophylaxis against deep-vein thrombosis after hip or knee implantation [see comments]. N Engl J Med 1993;329:1370-1376.
16. Leclerc J, Geerts W, Desjardins L. Prevention of deep venous thrombosis after knee arthroplasty: a randomized double blind trial comparing enoxaprin with warfarin. Ann Intern Med 1996;124:619-626.
17. Leclerc J, Geerts W, Desjardins L. A randomized trial of Enoxaparin for the prevention of deep venous thrombosis after knee surgery. Thromb Hemost 1991;65(suppl):753.
18. Heit JA, Berkowitz SD, Bona R, et al. Efficacy and safety of low molecular weight heparin (ardeparin sodium) compared to warfarin for the prevention of venous thromboembolism after total knee replacement surgery: a double-blind, dose-ranging study. Ardeparin Arthroplasty Study Group. Thromb Haemost 1997;77:32-38.
19. Green D, Twardowski P, Wei R, Rademaker AW. Fatal pulmonary embolism in spinal cord injury. Chest 1994;105:853-855.
20. Merli G, Crabbe S, Doyle L, et al. Mechanical plus pharmacological prophylaxis for deep venous thrombosis in acute spinal cord injury. Paraplegia 1992;30:558-562.
21. Green D, Rossi E, Yao J, et al. Deep venous thrombosis in spinal cord injury: effect of prophalaxix with calf compression, asprin and dipyredamole. Paraplegia 1982;20:227-234.
22. Green D, Lee M, Ito V. Fixed vs adjusted dose heparin in the prophylaxis of thromboembolism in spinal cord injury. JAMA 1988;260:1255-1258.
23. Green D, Lee MY, Lim AC, et al. Prevention of thromboembolism after spinal cord injury using low-molecular-weight heparin [see comments]. Ann Intern Med 1990;113:571-574.
24. Green D, Chen D, Chmiel JS, et al. Prevention of thromboembolism in spinal cord injury: role of low molecular weight heparin. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1994;75:290-292.
25. Harris S, Chen D, Green D. Enoxaparin for thromboembolism prophylaxis in spinal injury: preliminary report on experience with 105 patients. Am J Phys Med Rehabil 1996;75:326-327.
26. Geerts WH, Jay RM, Code KI, et al. A comparison of low-dose heparin with low-molecular-weight heparin as prophylaxis against venous thromboembolism after major trauma [see comments]. N Engl J Med 1996;335:701-707.
27. O'Malley K, Ross S. Pulmonary embolism in major trauma patients. J Trauma 1990;30:748-750.
28. Shackford S, Moser K. Deep venous thrombosis and pulmonary embolism in trauma patients. J Intensive Care Medicine 1988;3:87-98.
29. Geerts W, Code K, Jay R. A prospective study of venous thromboembolism after major trauma. N Engl J Med 1994;331:1601-1606.
30. Clagett G, Anderson F, Heit J. Prevention of venous thromboembolism. Chest 1995;108[suppl]:312S-334S.
31. Comerota A, Katz M, White J. Why does prophylaxis with external pneumatic compression for deep venous thrombosis fail? Am J Surg 1992;164:265-268.
32. Rogers FB. Venous thromboembolism in trauma patients. Surg Clin North Am 1995;75:279-291.
33. Greenfield L. Venous thromboembolism in trauma patients. J Am Coll Surg 1995;180:725-726.
34. Kierkegaard A, Norgren L, Olsson C. Incidence of deep venous thrombosis in bedridden non surgical patients. Acta Medica Scand J 1987;222:409-414.
35. Bergmann JF, Elkharrat D. Prevention of venous thromboembolic risk in non-surgical patients. Haemostasis 1996;26[Suppl 2]:16-23.
36. Dahan R, Houlbert D, Caulin C, Cuzin E. Prevention of deep venous thrombosis in elderly medical in-patients by low molecular weight heparin: a randomized double blind trial. Hemostasis 1986;16:159-164.
37. Bergmann JF, Neuhart E. A multicenter randomized double-blind study of enoxaparin compared with unfractionated heparin in the prevention of venous thromboembolic disease in elderly in-patients bedridden for an acute medical illness. The Enoxaparin in Medicine Study Group. Thromb Haemost 1996;76:529-534.
38. Turpie AG. Orgaran in the prevention of deep vein thrombosis in stroke patients. Haemostasis 1992;22:92-98.
39. Turpie AG, Gent M, Cote R, et al. A low-molecular-weight heparinoid compared with unfractionated heparin in the prevention of deep vein thrombosis in patients with acute ischemic stroke. A randomized, double-blind study. Ann Intern Med 1992;117:353-357.
40. Clagett G. Antithrombotic therapy in peripheral arterial occlusive diseases. Chest 1992;102[Suppl]:516-528.
41. Kretschmer G, Wenzl E, Piza F, et al. The influence of anticoagulant treatment on the probability of function in femoropopliteal vein bypass surgery: analysis of a clinical series (1970 to 1985) and interim evaluation of controlled clinical trial. Surgery 1987;102:453-459.
42. Kretschmer G, Herbst F, Prager M, et al. A decade of oral anticoagulant treatment to maintain autologous vein grafts for femoropopliteal atherosclerosis. Arch Surg 1992;127:1112-1115.
43. Samama C, Barre E, Combe S. A pilot study on the use of low molecular weight heparin (enoxaprin) in arterial reconstructive surgery. Thromb Haemost 1991;17:367-370.
44. Benedetti-Valentine F, Irace L, Gattuso R. Arterial repair of lower limbs: prevention of prosthetic graft occlusion with LMWH. Int Angiol 1988;7:29-32.
45. Bergvist D, Einarsson E, Norgren L. A comprehensive regional vascular registry: how is the population served? In: The maintenance of arterial reconstruction. Greenhalgh R, Hollier L, eds. London: WB Saunders; 1991;441-454.
46. Au Y, Montgomery K, Clowes A. Heparin inhibits collagenase expression mediated by phorbol ester responsive element in primate arterial smooth muscle cells. Circ Res 1992;70:1062-1069.
47. Rosenberg R. Vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation: basic investigations and therapeutic approaches. Thromb Haemost 1993;70:10-16.
48. Edmondson RA, Cohen AT, Das SK, et al. Low-molecular weight heparin versus aspirin and dipyridamole after femoropopliteal bypass grafting [see comments] [published erratum appears in Lancet 1994 Nov 5;344(8932):1307]. Lancet 1994;344(8927):914-918.
49. Armstrong PW. Heparin in acute coronary disease--requiem for a heavyweight? [editorial; comment]. N Engl J Med 1997;337:492-494.
50. Quyyumi AA, Diodati JG, Lakatos E, et al. Angiogenic effects of low molecular weight heparin in patients with stable coronary artery disease: a pilot study [see comments]. J Am Coll Cardiol 1993;22:635-641.
51. Fujita M, Sasayama S, Kato K, Takaori S. Prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind, multicenter study of exercise with enoxaparin pretreatment for stable-effort angina. Am Heart J 1995;129:535-541.
52. Cohen M, Demers C, Gurfinkel EP, et al. A comparison of low-molecular-weight heparin with unfractionated heparin for unstable coronary artery disease. Efficacy and Safety of Subcutaneous Enoxaparin in Non-Q-Wave Coronary Events Study Group [see comments]. N Engl J Med 1997;337:447-452.
53. Kearon C. Low-molecular-weight heparin versus unfractionated heparin for unstable coronary disease [letter and discussion]. N Engl J Med 1998;338:129-131.
54. Gurfinkel EP, Manos EJ, Mejail RI, et al. Dose ranging for unstable angina: results of TIMI II A. J Amer Coll Cardiol 1995;26:313-318.
55. Karsch KR, Preisack MB, Baildon R, et al. Low molecular weight heparin (reviparin) in percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty. Results of a randomized, double-blind, unfractionated heparin and placebo-controlled, multicenter trial (REDUCE trial). Reduction of Restenosis After PTCA, Early Administration of Reviparin in a Double-Blind Unfractionated Heparin and Placebo-Controlled Evaluation. J Am Coll Cardiol 1996;28:1437-1443.
56. Faxon DP, Spiro TE, Minor S, et al. Low molecular weight heparin in prevention of restenosis after angioplasty. Results of Enoxaparin Restenosis (ERA) Trial. Circulation 1994;90:908-914.
57. Cairns JA, Gill J, Morton B, et al. Fish oils and low-molecular-weight heparin for the reduction of restenosis after percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty. The EMPAR Study. Circulation 1996;94:1553-1560.
58. Koza MJ, Messmore HL, Wallock ME, et al. Evaluation of a low molecular weight heparin as an anticoagulant in a model of cardiopulmonary bypass surgery. Thromb Res 1993;70:67-76.
59. Bagge L, Wahlberg T, Holmer E, et al. Low-molecular-weight heparin (Fragmin) versus heparin for anticoagulation during cardiopulmonary bypass in open heart surgery, using a pig model. Blood Coagul Fibrinolysis 1994;5:265-272.
60. Clark S. Current issues in management of thrombosis. Lancet 1995;346:113-114.
61. Hirsh J. Heparin [see comments]. N Engl J Med 1991;324:1565-1574.
62. Prandoni P, Lensing AW, Buller HR, et al. Comparison of subcutaneous low-molecular-weight heparin with intravenous standard heparin in proximal deep-vein thrombosis. Lancet 1992;339(8791):441-445.
63. Hull RD, Raskob GE, Pineo GF, et al. Subcutaneous low-molecular-weight heparin compared with continuous intravenous heparin in the treatment of proximal-vein thrombosis [see comments]. N Engl J Med 1992;326(15):975-982.
64. Barsotti J, Gruel Y, Rosset P, et al. Comparative double-blind study of two dosage regimens of low-molecular weight heparin in elderly patients with a fracture of the neck of the femur. J Orthop Trauma 1990;4(4):371-375.
65. Schafer AI. Low-molecular-weight heparin--an opportunity for home treatment of venous thrombosis [editorial; comment]. N Engl J Med 1996;334(11):724-725.
66. Investigators, T.C., Low molecular weight heparin in the treatment of patients with venous thromboembolism. N Engl J Med 1997;337:657-662.
67. Levine M, Gent M, Hirsh J, et al. A comparison of low-molecular-weight heparin administered primarily at home with unfractionated heparin administered in the hospital for proximal deep-vein thrombosis [see comments]. N Engl J Med 1996;334(11):677-681.
68. Koopman MM, Prandoni P, Piovella F, et al. Treatment of venous thrombosis with intravenous unfractionated heparin administered in the hospital as compared with subcutaneous low-molecular-weight heparin administered at home. The Tasman Study Group [see comments] [published erratum appears in N Engl J Med 1997 Oct 23;337(17):1251]. N Engl J Med 1996;334(11):682-687.
69. Lensing AW, Prins MH, Davidson BL, and Hirsh J. Treatment of deep venous thrombosis with low-molecular-weight heparins. A meta-analysis [see comments]. Arch Intern Med 1995;155(6):601-607.
70. Siragusa S, Cosmi B, Piovella F, et al. Low-molecular-weight heparins and unfractionated heparin in the treatment of patients with acute venous thromboembolism: results of a meta-analysis [see comments]. Am J Med 1996;100(3):269-277.
71. Pollak E, De Nardo S, Pollak M. Detection of anticoagulant therapy failures in patients with venous thrombosis. Am J Surg 1977;134:214-216.
72. Simonneau G, Sors H, Charbonnier B, et al. A comparison of low-molecular-weight heparin with unfractionated heparin for acute pulmonary embolism. The THESEE Study Group. Tinzaparine ou Heparine Standard: Evaluations dans l'Embolie Pulmonaire. N Engl J Med 1997;337:663-669.
73. Thery C, Simonneau G, Meyer G, et al. Randomized trial of subcutaneous low-molecular-weight heparin CY 216 (Fraxiparine) compared with intravenous unfractionated heparin in the curative treatment of submassive pulmonary embolism. A dose-ranging study. Circulation 1992;85:1380-1389.
74. Meyer G, Brenot F, Pacouret G, et al. Subcutaneous low-molecular-weight heparin fragmin versus intravenous unfractionated heparin in the treatment of acute non massive pulmonary embolism: an open randomized pilot study. Thromb Haemost 1995;74:1432-1435.
75. Andrew M, and Schmidt B. Use of heparin in newborn infants. Semin Thromb Hemost 1988;14:28-32.
76. McDonald M, Hathaway W. Anticoagulant therapy by continuous heparinization in new born and older infants. J Pediatr 1982;101:451-457.
77. Andrew M, Marzinotto V, Massicotte P, et al. Heparin therapy in pediatric patients: a prospective cohort study. Pediatr Res 1994;35:78-83.
78. Massicotte P, Adams M, Marzinotto V, et al. Low-molecular-weight heparin in pediatric patients with thrombotic disease: a dose finding study. J Pediatr 1996;128:313-318.
79. Andrew M, David M, Adams M, et al. Venous thromboembolic complications (VTE) in children: first analyses of the Canadian Registry of VTE. Blood 1994;83:1251-1257.
80. Horne M, Mayo D, Alexander R, et al. Upper extremity impedence plethysmography in patients with venous access devices. Thromb Haemost 1994;72:540-542.
81. Monreal M, Alastrue A, Rull M, et al. Upper extremity deep venous thrombosis in cancer patients with venous access devices--prophylaxis with a low molecular weight heparin (Fragmin). Thromb Haemost 1996;75:251-253.
82. Gurfinkel EP, Manos EJ, Mejail RI, et al. Low molecular weight heparin versus regular heparin or aspirin in the treatment of unstable angina and silent ischemia [see comments]. J Am Coll Cardiol 1995;26:313-318.
83. Kay R, Woo J, Kreel L, et al. Stroke sub-types among Chinese living in Hong Kong. Neurology 1992;42:985-987.
84. Barnett H, Eliasziw M, Meldrum H. Drugs and surgery in the prevention of ischemic stroke. N Engl J Med 1995;332:238-248.
85. Kay R, Wong KS, Yu YL, et al. Low-molecular-weight heparin for the treatment of acute ischemic stroke [see comments]. N Engl J Med 1995;333:1588-1593.
86. Kay R, Wong K, Woo J. Pilot study of low-molecular weight heparin in the treatment of acute ischemic stroke. Stroke 1994;25:684-685.
87. Ginsberg JS, Kowalchuk G, Hirsh J, et al. Heparin effect on bone density. Thromb Haemost 1990;64:286-289.
88. Greinarcher A. Antigen generation in heparin-associated thrombocytopenia: the nonimmunologic type and the immunologic type are closely linked in their pathogenesis. Semin Thromb Hemost 1995;21:106-116.
89. Chong B. Heparin- induced thrombocytopenia. Br J Haematol 1995;89:431-439.
90. Amiral J, Bridey F, Wolf M. Antibodies to macromolecular platelet factor 4-heparin complexes in heparin induced thrombocytopenia: a study of 44 cases. Thromb Haemost 1995;73:21-28.
91. Weitz J. Low-Molecular Weight Heparins. N Engl J Med 1997;337:688-698.
92. Warkentin TE. Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. Pathogenesis, frequency, avoidance and management. Drug Saf 1997;17:325-341.
93. Holst J, Lindblad B, Bergvist D. Protamine neutralization of intravenous and subcutaneous low molecular heparin (tinzaparin, Logiparin): an experimental investigation in healthy volunteers. Blood Coagul Fibrinolysis 1994;5:795-803.
94. Bergqvist D, Lindblad B, Matzsch T. Low molecular weight heparin for thromboprophylaxis and epidural/spinal anaesthesia--is there a risk? [see comments]. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 1992;36:605-609.
95. Thomas D. Does low molecular weight heparins cause less bleeding? Thromb Haemost 1997;78:1422-1425.
Received June 5, 1998; Accepted August 4, 1998.
From the Section of Vascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT USA.
Correspondence address: Bauer E Sumpio MD, PhD, Chief of Vascular Surgery, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar St., New Haven, CT 06510.
____________________
Journal of the American College of Surgeons
December 1998, Volume 187, Number 6
